Key Proposals For A Small Start Up Business Essay

1 Outline the key proposals contained in the budget for 2015-16 and 2016-17 that may impact on small business owners in Australia. Identify any limitations of these proposals for a small start-up business in regional Australia. The key proposals outlined in the 2015, 2017 and 2017 Federal Budget proposals that may impact small businesses include tax cuts and incentives to â€Å"cut red tape and encourage start ups and entrepreneurship† (Australian Government , 2016). A tax cut of 1.5% will reduce the small business tax rate down to 28.5% for business with an annual turnover less than $2 million (Australian Government, 2016). Unincorporated businesses with an annual turnover less than $2 million will have a 5% rate cut. Similarly to the previous year the 2016-2017 small business tax rate will be lowered by 1 per cent to 27.5 per cent. Also the turnover threshold for small businesses increased from $2 million to $10million giving access to other tax incentives. This increase was influenced due to the fact that the Australian corporate tax rate is high by international standards and if Australia is to be competitive in the 21st century it needs a competitive tax system (Australian Government, 2016). Tax cuts are introduced to improve cash flows, encourage growth and competition, and assist in employing new staff. However, this may limit small start-up business in regional Australia because should a business employ new staff and increase its turnover, the business will jump into aShow MoreRelatedSmall Business Technology By Bill Simms917 Words   |  4 PagesSmall Business Technology It was an ordinary Thursday evening in suburban Richmond, Virginia. 7PM. Bill Simms makes a right turn on to the expressway ramp in a bid to make it on time to meet his wife for his daughter’s ballet recital. He was happy that his new painting business was beginning to thrive. 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Movie Analysis Tucker And Dale Vs. Evil - 1678 Words

This paper will analyze a scene from the movie â€Å"Tucker and Dale vs. Evil† in terms of interpersonal communication. For the analysis of this scene I have chosen to use the concept of perception, as this is one of the most prevalent in the movie. This movie is a great example of how perception biases the way that we communicate with others, and how those biases can lead to miscommunication and a lack of understanding between two individuals. This movie also shows the effects of how we can misinterpret things about people based on appearance or an unusual situation. Furthermore, the effects that preconceived beliefs have on our understanding of a situation are demonstrated throughout the film in a way that showcases the absurdity of these beliefs. Whereas, if we could take the time to learn about people before jumping to conclusions about them, we could avoid situations that may be detrimental to our relationships. In addition to analyzing the film in terms of perception, I will also be tying in concepts of self-concept, self-presentation, and the influence that cultural differences have on perception of self and others. In the film, assumptions and misunderstanding are the key points of conflict. The way that the two groups view themselves and the way in which they view each other creates a discordant scenario. They both perceive themselves as being the rational ones, and the lack of access to information on one another leads to a situation in which they are each clinging toShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesJohnson, Santa Clara University Edward Lisoski, Northeastern University Douglas Mahony, Lehigh University Douglas McCabe, Georgetown University Bradley Norris, Baylor University Jonelle Roth, Michigan State University Philip Roth, Clemson University Dale Rude, University o f Houston Holly Schroth, University of California at Berkeley Jody Tolan, University of Southern California Debra Schneck, Indiana University Marilyn Wesner, George Washington University Over the last editions this text has grown

Heuristics Free Essays

Heuristic can be defined as a method of argument in which postulates or assumptions are made that remain to be proven or that lead the arguers to discover the proofs themselves. Examples could be an educated guess or common sense. Educated guess because a person considers what they have observed in the past, and applies that history to a situation where a more definite answer has not yet been decided. We will write a custom essay sample on Heuristics or any similar topic only for you Order Now Common sense because it is practical approaches that right and wrong nswers seem relatively clear cut. One out of three examples is the representativeness. Also considered the rule of thumb; when people are asked to Judge the probability that an object or event A belongs to class or process B, probabilities are evaluated by the degree to which A is representative of B, that is, by the degree to which A resembles B. Are used mainly in algorithms which is a program that doctors use to diagnose their patients by putting n their symptoms and following the questions and leads to more questions until the computer can say what is issue is and how to cure it. Two out of three examples is the availability. This is defined as a cognitive heuristic in which a decision makes relies upon knowledge that is readily available rather than examine other alternatives or procedures. This example shapes the way we view our world. The probability does make a difference in availability whether it be lives, whether or statics. Three out of three examples is the anchoring and adjustment. Anchoring and adjustment is what people use to make quantitative estimates. The primary effect and anchoring may combine, for example in regards to a Jury opinion can be swayed by an anchor by the first opinion. First impressions are everything but people are better at relative thinking than absolute thinking. Relative thinking is more conclusive because the truths are altered and absolute thinking is more of a common sense thing in todays functioning society. How to cite Heuristics, Papers

Moot free essay sample

Viv has just bought â€Å"The Village Shop† and, anxious to please the locals, decides to put an advertisement in the local paper stating that she will sell boxes of luxury chocolate shortbread at a discount price of ? 2. 50, instead of the recommended retail price of ? 5. 00. It also states that there are only 50 boxes available. Viv has recently bought a computer from her son, Scottt, to help her with the running of the shop. The advertisement states that anyone wanting the shortbread should contact Viv in person at the shop or E-mail her at [emailprotected] co. uk. The advertisement appears in the local paper on Saturday. Eric sees the advertisement at 4. 30pm on the Saturday afternoon and immediately sends an E- mail to Viv ordering six boxes of the Shortbread. The E-mail is received on Viv’s machine at 5. 09pm on the Saturday. On Saturday evening Viv realises that the discount was too generous as she is making no money on the shortbread and people are not coming to the shop and buying lots of other groceries as she had hoped. We will write a custom essay sample on Moot or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page She phones the local paper asking them to put notice in the next day informing people that the discount price is no longer available. The Sunday paper is published at 9am on Sunday morning and it is delivered to Eric at 10. 30am. Viv opens for business at 10. 00am on the Sunday. She reads Erics E-mail at 10. 35am, but refuses to sell him the shortbread. She replies stating that the discount is no longer available. Eric sued Viv for breach of contract but at first instance the judge found for Viv on the following basis: (A) There was no contact between Viv and Eric since the notice in the paper was not an offer but invitation to treat; and (B) Even if the notice did amount to an offer it was withdrawn before acceptance applying the principle enunciated in Entores Ltd v Miles Far East Corporation [1955] 2 QB 327.

American Literature Our Nations Voice Essay Example

American Literature: Our Nations Voice Paper According to William Ellery Channing, national literature includes The toughts of profound and original minds. and Important works in philosphy The detective will interrogate the witness and write down his answers. question Native American stories often depict nature as a spiritual mother Which type of oral tradition is the most popular across Native American tribes? The creation story.

Should the Government Control the Content that Can be Displa essays

Should the Government Control the Content that Can be Displa essays the Content that Can be Displayed on Television? The television was once a device whole families could gather around to share a fun evening together with, but television is starting to depart from family friendly shows in favor of adult programming. The question then arises, what can be done to protect children from seeing inappropriate subject matter on TV. Recently, a call for government interference has come about and seems to gaining support, but should the government intervene? Who is accountable for letting children see this material anyway? The American people put pressure on the big television companies to begin a ratings system on TV shows several years ago. The result was every large station suggesting their own system, with the exclusion of NBC. The government then opted for a system similar to the one used to rate movies. Generic letters suggesting a certain group of peoples opinions as to how offensive a show may be. Also brought to aid the fight against dirty TV was the v-chip, which allowed programs with only certain ratings to be shown on a TV that has it. But still people say this is not enough. Why people support government interference so vehemently is beyond me. If people dont like what is on TV they shouldnt watch it. Supporting government involvement on any greater plain is unwise. Firstly, it is a violation of first Amendment rights. Like it or not, freedom of speech is crucial in our society. Another reason against it is the probability the government will go too far. The government could easily switch from removing adult content to direct censorship of what can be said. Another reason why government is not good is because it is unnecessary. Children will see explicit material in their own lives, even if it comes from something that is less of a socializing force than TV. However, if parents object to their kids seeing such material, they mu ...

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 13

Summary - Essay Example Not only did more women graduate 4-year college programs, but more also sought higher professional degrees just as more of them actually entered the labor force as they expected, which caused many to make other shifts in their lifestyles, such as getting married at a later stage. There were several factors that contributed to this change in expectations. Goldin discusses each one in turn, but includes government mandates that prohibited discrimination in hiring policies and higher education acceptance, social change in the Civil Rights movement that gave impetus to a resurgence of feminism, the availability of contraception that gave women the power to choose when or if they want a baby, the baby boom and a declining national economy. A great deal of discussion is given to the evidence that female contraception in the form of the Pill was a significant factor in these changes for several reasons – it is measurable, it had a direct impact, it had an indirect impact and causalities can be

Buddhism culture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Buddhism culture - Essay Example These basic teaching of Buddha, capitulated in the Four Noble Truths or Dhamma place a great importance in looking after our body. Siddharta Gautama had realized the significance of maintaining the health and vitality of the body by going through extreme situations. As a wandering ascetic for six years, he had subjected himself to the most intense form of fasting. However, he found out that denying the body of its vital requirements was not the key to spiritual enlightenment. In the same way, he also concluded that overindulgence is not good for the body as it always lead to ill health. He therefore proposed a "middle way" and asserted to "look on the body as if it were a wound that needed to be treated daily with appropriate medicine (Flanagan 5)." The great importance placed by the Buddhist in a healthy lifestyle is evident to their adherence to a lot of health techniques. Buddhists are very particular of their diet as they are strictly vegetarians. The first lay precept in Buddhism strongly prohibits killing. As eating meat usually implies killing animals, Buddhist sects especially Mahayana strongly denounces consumption of meat. Buddhists are also known for their utilization of different meditation techniques as a "great libe

Gene Therapy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Gene Therapy - Research Paper Example During this period, there was the discovery of cell lines which were genetically marked. Additionally, the cell transformation and how it occurred was clarified during this period as well. Developments in gene therapy were motivated by the later arrival of the recombinant DNA techniques. Clone genes were also developed which were valuable in the demonstration of how foreign genes can be used to male corrections to various defects in genes. This also revealed the importance of DNA in correcting the disease phenotypes which emanated from defective cells. Gene transfer methods and efficient retroviral vectors have shown that in vivo and in vitro phenotype correction is an effective gene therapy approaches (Dolly and Hunt 28). This is the reason why gene therapy has been justified and accepted to be applicable in clinical genetic studies which involve human subjects. Gene therapy techniques are likely to have positive impact in future scientific discoveries. This is because of its postul ated future use in the replacement of faulty genes and the introduction of new genes for treatment or modification of the clinical direction of a specific medical condition. Technical Aspects on how Gene Therapy Works Genetically altered material is delivered via three major methods. The first method involves retrotransposons or retroviruses (Murray 15). Retroviruses are commonly used due to their ability to transfer their own DNA or genetic information. Additionally retroviruses are able to alter the human gene genetically. Cell DNA has parts which are able to make copies of themselves into other sections within the cell genome (Rudolph and Aslam 44). These parts which are exemplified by the yeast transposon can be used in gene therapy. However the application of transposons in alteration of genes is still under research (Judson 40). Secondly, gene therapy is made possible through blasting DNA or genes by the use of pressurized guns which are filled with helium (Bryant, Duker and R eichel 90). The helium gun is used to fire gold bullets of very small size that are coated with genes which are genetically altered (Garber 60). This technique was performed on rats with tumors in gene therapy experiments. The results revealed that the tumor cells which successfully received the inoculated altered cells demonstrated activation of coding for cytokines which played a role of activation immune cells. The third aspect of gene therapy includes liposomes (Hogan 10). This method is still being investigated where hollow molecules of fat within a solution are used in gene therapy. This methodology is used in attempts to genetically treat cystic fibrosis (Fackelmann 239). Cystic fibrosis is a respiratory tract disease which results from the buildup of chloride ions. In the gene therapy for this disease, liposomes which are coated with genes that are genetically altered are inhaled. The genetically altered genes are designed to prevent chloride ion buildup. The experiments of gene therapy have revealed that the ion levels within the respiratory tract decreased significantly with the inoculation of the genetically modified genes. The advantage of this method is that it poses less potential risk as compared to retroviruses. Positive Aspects of Gene therapy Gene therapy is advantageous because it can be used to treat individuals who have congenital genetic disease. This can be achieved through the replacement of the

Origins Of English Figurative Idioms English Language Essay

Origins Of English Figurative Idioms English Language Essay Idiom is the combination of lexical items and has its own meaning which is different from the particular individual lexical items and this figurative expression is usually understood by the native speakers because figurative idiom expression is likely to be named as the conventional scene in the their mind that serves in the speech community. Similarity, idioms are consisted as a special set of lexical items due not only to their structure elements, but also they specify a unique set of behavior when used in very language discourse. Fernando argues that the concreted phrases and the arrangement pairs in idiomatic are recognized by the usage and with its stabilized structure and limited variation. To expand the explanation, idioms can be formed a word such as nevertheless, a phrase such as in favor of, and also a sentence such as the coast is clear. According to Boers definition of figurative idiom, whose meaning is barely inferred by its literal meaning of its constituent elements. Therefore, from the semantic point of view, the expression of a figurative idiom cannot be understood from its individual parts. Structurally an idioms usually includes a series of words, any parts of its meanings cannot be replaced. Figurative idioms, it is a matter of extraordinary rather than ordinary languages. Base on Lakoff and Johnson explanation, idioms are also known as the metaphor that serves as a device of poetic imagination and the rhetorical flourish dedicates for most languages. Moreover, figurative expressions are not merely bundles of word combination; however it is a phrase that ordinarily invented to one situation that inferred to another, making an implicit comparison. Another scholar Tang explains figurative idioms unsurprisingly have been coined with the name of its meaning. Ultimately, the figurative interpretation of every idiom evokes the metaphorical expressions. As the manifestation of conceptual metaphor was introduced, Z. Kovecses conceptualizes metaphors are realized in other than linguistic ways. For example, literary works are constructed in their fully in term of conceptual metaphors such as Chaucers The Cantebury tales, Buyams The Pilgrim Progress or Frosts poem The Road not Taken are associated around the LIFE IS A JOURNEY metaphor. As result, although there is always a difference in every definition of figurative idiom, yet they all have the similar description to explain idioms have the obvious characteristics of semantic incorporated and structural stability. 2.1) Culture context Language structure is the most typical feature of cultural aspects that such relationship particularly found in the lexicon. As Wierzbicka lists out the best evidence for reality of cultures can associate the meanings of words that eventually provides ways of living, speaking, thinking, and feeling which are broadly shared in every particular society. In addition, the Polish anthropologist Malinnowsky is the first founder of the context theory thinks that discourse and context are mutually hanging closely together, the language environment is essential to understand language.(à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) Meanwhile, Boers and Stengers declare the significant of cultural figurative expression has been emphasized much recent research. Gibbs study claims that idioms are established in all languages and several types of idioms are cultural elements. Wierzbicka states that most of figurative idioms are cultural artifacts, reflecting the aspects the creation of figurative idioms which are formed by cultural elements. Thus, Inchaurralde mentions particular lexical units are linked with cultural lexical scripts, which are associated to a certain cultural background. Furthermore, Lennon points out language and culture are important to idioms because it could reflect the transformation in conceptualization of the universe and the relationship between the universe and the mankind. The Chinese Linguist Hu Zhunaglin has divided the cultural context into three types: linguistics context, situational context, and cultural context. Most importantly, the cultural context refers the involvement of social, economic, cultural, political background, and religions contexts occur in communities that would value the standard of a certain language. Dobrovolskij and Piirainen comes out with an idea to describe the different types of cultural phenomena are interrelated with conventional figurative units. This means that culturally marked lexis has focused on cross-cultural similarity and the variation across in the conceptualization of emotions. Another issue that Lakoff and Johnson discuss about whether all cultures have the same conceptual of the world. Base on Issac simplification, every figurative expression has a certain class of metaphors seems to be universal. However some cultural specifications also occur in conceptual metaphor, in other word, different culture have a different set of value systems that might result in different interaction to certain expression from others cultures. For example, in Shakespeares period, the food egg is to characterize people behavior or attitude, for instance, She is a good egg means that she is a nice person. In Chinese, there is record in the literature work egg transcript to mandarin Dan also symbolizes to a person behavior and attitude. The Mandarin word huai dan signifies as bad person. These two different cultural context has shared the same particular meaning of the phrase is directed and extended to describe people who seen to be decent person. Although English and Chinese utilize the food egg to imply the same target expression, on the other hand, the English expression good egg is to indicate a nice person, however the Chinese expression to indicate a nice person no longer utilizes egg to imply the meaning rather than change the whole word into hao ren instead of hao dan. 2.2) Idiom and culture Language has been always the carrier of culture and most important idioms that almost invariably to have their roots in a particular language. Another researcher Ronald Langacker argues that language is instrument and module of culture, speakers take part in a discourse situation, their cultural aspects are related to their acts of behavior and conversation. Moreover, Paul Friedrich calls the connection between language and culture as linguaculture. The conceptual of linguaculture is described as a domain of experience that fuses and intermingles the vocabulary, many semantic aspects of grammar, and the verbal aspects of culture; both grammar and culture have underlying structure while they are constantly being used and constructed by actual people on the ground. (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) As an important part of language and culture, particular source domain of metaphorical expression may not be equally salient across cultures. (à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦) Meanwhile, few researches have been introduced on the cultural features in the present study that lead Boers and Stengers to investigate on the composition of idiom and culture. They explore weather domain that track most in English figurative idioms. The weather domain is commonly associated to English figurative idioms because talking about the weather is a very basic and frequently topic in Britain because it is notoriously variable and unpredictable. However, the weather lexical units can be implemented through meaning extension to other domains such as economy and feeling, for example, when a financial storm struck down Wall Street, traders sought shelter in the dollar and Alex feels the chill of economic downturn. As result, the sentence illustrates the weather domain to a situation and feeling to indicate the seriousness on how Englishmen see weather as well as the economic phenomena. Boers, Demecheleer, and Eyckmans suggest that there are two complementary methods to estimate the two linguistic communities differ with respect to relate salience of a source domain. One method is to investigate the comparison of both languages such as English and Dutch idioms, that English idioms has much broader selection of expressions converted from card games and gambling such as to over play ones hand, to play with stacked deck, the chips are downà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Another much more straight forward example is the domain of sports, popularity of certain sports may coin widely across cultural aspects. Baseball for instance, is much more popular in the United States than in European, for sure it is evidently that American produces more baseball figurative expression such as I had a date with Alice yesterday night, unfortunately I cant even get to first base with her; Three strike and youre out. Similarity, British English hold a source domain in cricket such as Bat on a sticky wicket, Hit someone for six. Besides, Englishmen also like to have horse racing eventually contributes to figurative expressions as well such as A dark horse, Hear it from the horse mouth. The another method is to detect cross-cultural variation done by researcher Alice Deignan results that the source domain of sailing is reflected more often in English than in French discourse. For examples, running tight ship, talking the wind out of someones sails, when you ship comes in, clear the decks, and many more. Boers and Demecheleer suggests that French figurative discourse is more likely flavoured by the source domain of food and cooking. Alice Deignan concludes that the cultural aspects and figurative idioms are considered indirect ones in the sense that cultures of the past and present reflect most of idioms and Boers sums up that even native speakers lack of awareness towards the origin of the idiom they use. 2.3) Origins of English Figurative Idioms According to Smith (1971), generally universal origins of idioms can be divided into six main cultural aspects. 2.3.1) From daily life Smith suggests that most idioms develop from daily life are linked with particular occupations such as many phrases that related to navy have been invented by the sailors as well as the athletes use phrases related to sports. Most of the idioms were invented and they are concise, oral dialect and vivid, and are closely associated to our life. Soon enough those idioms were used by the people in the daily life to indicate certain expressions. Such figurative expressions are useful and eventually it has been evolved from common dialogue to conventional language which those idioms are commonly use such as to share and woe, strike the iron whole it is hot, a pot of money, to take the bread out of someones mouth and many more. 2.3.2) From ancient myths, legends and fables Some English figurative idioms were influenced by the Ancient Greek and Roman civilization. From example, idioms such as Midas touch, the apple of discord, sour grape, pandoras box, trojon horse, etc are derived from Greek myths and legends which are widely used in writing. 2.3.3) From religion Religion stands an important role in contributing the source of idioms. In early western countries, traditionally, Christianity has always been the main religion, many sources of idioms are regularly used in verbal dialogue are mainly came from the bible such as judass kiss, olive branch, much cry and little wool, turn the other cheek, cast peals before swine, and writing on the wall. 2.3.4) From classical literature Apart from the religion contributes most of the source of idioms, classical literature is indentified as a main source of idioms. During Renaissance period, Shakespeares master pieces have been on e of the most important source of idioms in English language. For examples, pound of life, give the devil his due all come from Shakespeares plays. Besides, the famous Greek epic poem the Iliad also gives numerous contributions to the English idioms such as screw up ones courage, Achilles heel. In addition, one of the most famous English idioms the ugly duckling is from the Andersons fairy tales. 2.3.5) Form occupation Nevertheless, idioms are not only formed by social daily interaction, religions, historical background, and literature works, but also certain idioms are associated by the occupation as well. The United Kingdom is a country with high capability in sailing around the world, therefore, they are many idioms that related to navy such as ships in the night, to rock the boat, plain sailing and carry too much guns. Thus contrary, China is a large nation with agricultural aspects of production and process which have become the centralization of forming idioms that related to agricultural elements and those idioms have been passing on by farmers from generation to generation. 2.3.6) From Sports Sports domain also demonstrates the important source of idioms. Liu discusses that most of the English figurative idioms in American are derived from sports, business, and driving. However, the Chinese idioms are more likely from eating, family, and Chinese opera ultimately play and important roles in Chinese society that have pluralized many figurative idioms. United States has shown there are more baseball- based figurative idioms such as first base, three strike and youre out, while cricket is more popular in United Kingdom that formed their English figurative idioms such as bat on a sticky wicket, hit someone for six, etc. As result, these six types of domains can trace the origin of idioms which have a very specific cultural context.

Companies to Watch: The Gap and Nordstroms :: essays research papers fc

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I chose to research two very different apparel retail stores. The GAP, Inc. and Nordstrom, Inc. are very interesting companies to me because they deal with something that is very important to me and a lot of people, clothes. Everyone buys and wears clothes, and these are two companies who have succeeded in this venture. They both started out with the same intentions, to sell apparel through specialty stores, but at this point Nordstrom’s has been more successful.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In theory these two companies are very similar because they are trying to accomplish the same thing. They both sell apparel, shoes and accessories for women, men and children through specialty and clearance stores. The clearance stores mentioned are Nordstrom Rack and GAP factory outlet stores. They also stress the use of personalized customer service. The GAP and Nordstrom feel that good customer service is the way to keep customers happy and thus keep them loyal. Because of this, they have many employees to serve their customers and spend a lot of time training these employees.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  These companies are also set up in the same way. They each have a chairman, president, and a couple of vice presidents. They both operate on the New York Stock Exchange. Another interesting similarity is that they both are based out of the west coast, The GAP in San Francisco and Nordstrom in Seattle. But this is where the similarities end.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The sizes of these two companies are very different. The GAP is a global retailer with about 3,700 stores and 166,000 employees worldwide. Nordstrom on the other hand has about 77 stores nationwide and 43,000 employees. It does operate one international boutique, Faconnable, mainly in Europe. The GAP has three brands including GAP, Banana Republic and Old Navy, all operating in their own stores. Because of this huge difference in size, the GAP has much higher revenue than Nordstrom, but this doesn’t mean that it’s a better company.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the news lately, the GAP has been under a lot of scrutiny because its sales have been down so much causing their credit rating to lower as well. Investors feel that this is due to the sharp slowdown in consumer spending, growing competition and series of fashion misses. It has too many stores open to sustain this major hit on sales. They have very little debt, but analysts think that this combination spells a future bankruptcy.

Quality Indicators Relevant to Early Childhood Education

There are various significant practices which promote health and safety in early childhood centres to take in to account. This essay focuses on nutrition across the early years, providing a safe environment and identifying and responding to childhood illness and how teachers can encourage and promote these practices to the children. Auckland Regional Public Health Service (2008) states that during early childhood, children form lifelong eating habits, therefore it is important to have a focus on nutrition across the early years in order to foster a healthy eating culture and enable children to develop healthy behaviours in relation to food.A teacher has an important role in helping children develop these behaviours and can promote healthy eating and healthy food choices in a number of ways. Teachers can promote good nutrition by including children in the cooking process or growing fruits and vegetables within the centre environment. These experiences provide ample opportunities for t he discussion of nutrition and what is healthy and unhealthy. The Licensing Criteria for Early Childhood Education and Care Centres (Ministry of Education [MoE], 2008) asserts that children must be served food at appropriate times and that it is to meet the nutritional needs of each child.It explains that all food provided during the hours a service is open must be recorded. These records must show the type of food provided and be kept for three months after the serving date. Promoting food safety to the children is also an important aspect of nutrition, this includes role modelling the careful storage of food, hygienic preparation and use of tongs when serving food. Providing a safe environment gives children a better place to play and allows them the freedom to explore their environment without the risk of injury.MoE (2008) declares that ample and changeable indoor and outdoor equipment, resources and furniture must be provided for the children and that it also needs to be appropr iate for the varying abilities of the children using it. Teachers are able to promote a safe environment by encouraging children to play safely. This includes sharing, gentle hands, walking feet, sun safety and water safety. The MoE (2008) is aware an area cannot be completely hazard free so requires a â€Å"hazard identification and management system† and uggests that all realistic steps are taken to minimise risks, be this by redirecting the children or limiting their access to areas where hazards may be. Another important way teachers can promote a safe environment is through active supervision and setting up engaging and appropriate activities for the children to be involved with. One of the most significant practices in promoting health, wellbeing and a safe environment is being able to identify and respond to childhood illness. Teachers need to be able to recognise the signs and symptoms of illness and be able to administer the appropriate first aid.The MoE (2008) decla res that children who become poorly while at a service must be kept at a safe distance away from the other children in order to reduce the risk of contamination and the spread of illness. It is the teachers’ responsibility that this happens to protect not only the children but the teachers and whanau too. Healthy Messages (Ministry of Education, 1997) suggests that early childhood centres develop and change policies so that they promote a safe and healthy environment and that these policies are a good way to introduce children to healthy messages.For example, how to avoid the spread of infectious illness through personal hygiene procedures, washing of soiled children procedures and hygienic laundering and cleaning procedures. As discussed above, encouraging healthy eating and good nutrition, providing a safe environment and recognising and responding to childhood illnesses are all important practices to foster. Teachers have an important role in promoting these practices and by effectively performing them, they will be promoting good health and safety in an early childhood setting.Reference List: Auckland Regional Public Health Service. (2008). Food For Under 5's: A practical guide to food and nutrition for early childhood education services. Retrieved 17th August 2012, from http://www. arphs. govt. nz/Portals/0/Health%20Information/HealthyEnvironments/Early%20childhood%20education%20centres/ECEC%20Food%20for%20under%205s/Food%20for%20under%205s%202008/Food%20For%20Under%205's%20ECE%20resource%20Final%20Jun e%202008-1. pdf Ministry of Education. (2008).Licensing Criteria for Early Childhood Education and Care Centres 2008 And Early Childhood Education Curriculum Framework. Wellington: New Zealand Government. Retrieved 17th August 2012, from http://www. lead. ece. govt. nz/ServiceTypes/CentreBasedECEServices. aspx Ministry of Health. (1997). Nga kupu oranga: Healthy messages. Wellington: Ministry of Health. Republished on the web:  Ã‚   November 2003. Retrieved 25th August 2012, from http://www. arphs. govt. nz/Portals/0/Health%20Information/HealthyEnvironments/Early%20childhood%20education%20centres/Nga%20Kupu%20Oranga%20HealthyMessages. pdf

The Failures Of Affirmative Action Essays - Social Inequality

The Failures Of Affirmative Action Essays - Social Inequality The Failures of Affirmative Action Audience: US Congress Once upon a time, there were two people who went to an interview for only one job position at the same company. The first person attended a prestigious and highly academic university, had years of work experience in the field and, in the mind of the employer, had the potential to make a positive impact on the companies performance. The second person was just starting out in the field and seemed to lack the ambition that was visible in his opponent. Who was chosen for the job?, you ask. Well, if the story took place before the mid-sixties, the answer would be obvious. However, with the adoption of the social policy known as affirmative action, the answer becomes unclear. After the United States passed the Civil Rights Act of 1964, it became apparent that certain business traditions, such as seniority status and aptitude tests, prevented total equality in employment. Therefore, president Lyndon Johnson decided to do something to remedy these flaws. In 1965 he issued an ex! ecutive order that required federal contractors to take "affirmative action" to ensure that applicants are employed?without regard to their race, creed, color, or national origin. When LBJ signed that order, he enacted one of the most discriminating pieces of legislature in the history of the United States. Affirmative action was created in an effort to help minorities leap the discriminative barriers that were prevalent when the bill was first enacted, in 1965. At this time the country was in the wake of nation wide civil-rights demonstrations, and racial tensions was at its peak. White males, who controlled the hiring and firing of employees, occupied most of the corporate and managerial positions. The US government believed that these employers were discriminating against minorities and believed that there was no better time than the present to bring about change. When the civil rights law passed, minorities, especially African-Americans believed they should receive retribution for the years of discrimination they had endured. The government responded by passing laws to aid them in attaining better employment as reprieve for the previous two-hundred years of suffering their race endured at the hands of the white man. To many, this made sense. Supporters of affirmative action asked, "Why not let the government help them get better jobs, after all the white man was responsible for their suffering". While all this may be true, there is another question to be asked. Are we truly responsible for the years of persecution that African-Americans were submitted to? The answer is yes and no. It is true that the white man is partly responsible for the suppression of the African-American race. However, the individual white male is not. It is just as unfair and suppressive to hold many white males responsible for past persecution now as it was to discriminate against many African-Americans in the generations before. Why should an honest, hard working, open minded, white male be suppressed, today, for past injustice? Affirmative action accepts the idea of an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth. Do two wrongs make a right? Affirmative action supporters make one large assumption when defending the policy. They assume that minority groups want help. This, however, may not always be the case. It is my belief that they fought to attain equality, not special treatment. To them, the acceptance of special treatment is an admittance of inferiority. They ask," Why can't I become successful on my own? Why do I need laws to help me get a job?" African-Americans want to be treated as equals, not incompetents. Thousands of white males, who do not discriminate, are being punished because of those who do. The Northern Natural Gas Company of Omaha, Nebraska was forced by the government to release sixty-five white male workers to make room for minority employees in 1977. Five major Omaha corporations reported that the number of white managers fell 25% in 1969 due to restrictions put on them when affirmative action was adopted. You ask," What did these white males do to bring about their termination?" The only crime that they were guilty of was being white. It hardly seems fair to punish so many innocent men for the crimes

Bust, Burst, and Arrest

Bust, Burst, and Arrest Bust, Burst, and Arrest Bust, Burst, and Arrest By Maeve Maddox Yes, I know that just about everyone uses the word bust as a noun to mean arrest and as a verb to mean arrested. Phoenix police discuss soured drug bust that killed Chandler officer †¦a Merrill Lynch banker†¦ was busted along with seven others yesterday for participating in an illegal game†¦ I know too that its common to use the word bust to mean burst or break. Hurricanes roaring across the Gulf of Mexico create strong enough underwater waves to dig up and potentially bust open oil pipelines Innovative Sound Device Could Bust Cancer Cells Holiday price stings could bust the family budget. Commonly used or not, these uses always register as nonstandard with me. Colloquial, yes. Appropriate in some idioms, yes. Acceptable in a formal context, no. The verb burst means to break suddenly when in a state of tension. Balloons burst. Bubbles burst. Burst means to break the outer covering and discharge the matter. Boils burst. Burst means to open out, to disperse. Flowers burst into bloom. Seed pods burst. We get wet from a sudden cloud burst. And, of course, undersea oil pipes burst. Undersea wells break or break down. Used informally, the word bust is acceptable in certain idioms: to bust a bronco (break a horse) to go bust (to lose ones money at gambling) boom or bust (economic prosperity or failure) drug bust (drug arrest, raid) to bust (to arrest, or to be discovered in an illegal or disobedient act) This deliberately playful headline about the discovery of a publicity hoax plays on two colloquial meanings of bust as a verb, burst and found out as culpable: Balloon Boy Busted In standard usage, bust is a noun with such meanings as A piece of sculpture representing the head, shoulders, and breast of a person. The upper front part of the human body; the bosom (esp. of a woman). The measurement around a womans body at the level of her bust, usually measured in inches My inability to accept bust as an unexceptionable synonym for break or arrest may be totally irrational. Nevertheless, whenever I hear it from the mouth of a news announcer, or see it used in the context of a formal news story, it strikes me as nonstandard and unnecessarily jarring. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Misused Words category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Redundant Phrases to AvoidTelling a Good Poem from a Bad OnePersonification vs. Anthropomorphism

Viuses are Non-living particles Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Viuses are Non-living particles - Essay Example The modes of transfer of viruses from one person to the other vary significantly. Viruses can be spread through vomits, coughs, sneezes as well as bites from infected organisms (Shors, 4). There are several reasons why viruses are included in biology even though they are non-living. One of the reasons why viruses are included in biology is the fact that they affect living organisms in various ways (Mettenleiter & Francisco, 73 ). Viruses are always associated with several serious diseases in living organisms. Viruses are known to be pathogenic to human beings. They can lead to alteration of the activities of the cells that they have invaded (Shors, 54). This is because viruses are only active when they are inside living cells. Viruses also have the ability to attack as well as infect bacterial cells. These are some of the reasons why viruses are included in biology. Treatment of viral infections is always very difficult using antibiotics. This is because viruses always hide inside the cells (Rogers, 75). This presents a big challenge for the antibiotics to reach them. Therefore, treating viral infections with antibodies is difficult. In addition, the nature of viruses makes it difficult to treat them with antibiotics. Viruses have simple structures. As such they use their host cells’ structures to accomplish their activities. This makes it ineffective to use antibiotics to cure

Fundamentals of Macroeconomics paper Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Fundamentals of Macroeconomics - Research Paper Example Real domestic product however defines the value of a country’s total production in goods and services at constant base prices of the commodities. Such a basis may be each commodity’s price in a given year (Mankiw, 2011). Purchasing of groceries reduces amount of money among the purchasing households and increases amount of money held by businesses. It also increases government revenues through tax on the groceries. It however has no economic value on households and business because it involves exchange of similar values. The government however derives economic gain in the taxes (Mankiw, 2011). The layoff reduces households’ revenues because of its unemployment effect on members of households. It also adversely affects businesses through reduced revenues because of households’ lower spending power. Layoffs also affect the government through lost revenues in income tax. The government’s revenue is further reduced because lower purchasing power into reduced demand results in low revenues from value added tax (Mankiw, 2011). Decrease in tax has the effect of increasing households’ money reserves from both direct and indirect taxes. A decrease in direct tax results in higher income and a decrease in indirect taxes leads to lower commodity prices that allows for more savings by households. The effects of reduced tax on households also mean their increased purchasing power that suggests an increase in sales and revenues among businesses. The government however losses revenues that it would however earn at higher taxes (Mankiw, 2011). Purchasing groceries has no net economic flow between households and businesses because it is a mere exchange of equivalent values between the two parties. Money, however, flows from both businesses and households to the government in taxes (Mankiw, 2011). Lowering taxes identifies a virtual transfer of

Should the Sex Offender Registry be abolished Research Paper

Should the Sex Offender Registry be abolished - Research Paper Example This paper argues for the abolishment of the public sex offender registry by giving concrete reasons against having the practice retained. Reasons why the Public Sex Offender Registry should be abolished Harm to families. Proponents of the public sex offender registry argue that making sex offender information public reduces the rates of sexual offenses by repeat offenders and enable parents to protect their children (IDEA, 2009). However, public notification of sex offenders does not only affect the offenders, but their families as well. This is because despite the fact that states have the discretion to decide on the criteria for disclosing sex offender information, majority of the states implements them to the extreme. Sex offenders get imprisonment sentences and remain incarcerated for a significant amount of time, but their families get to suffer more humiliation, especially when details get disclosed to the entire public, such as being made available on the internet. Hodgson an d Kelley point out that â€Å"highly publicized case have demonstrated a severe and negative impact on the victim’s family and the offender’s family† (2002, p. 229). Cases of mistaken identities after release of offender information to the public have also been witnessed, and the persons incorrectly identified as sex offenders have undergone harassment and assault. Ex-offenders and their families suffer constant instability when their private information such as name, age, place of employment, address, and crime committed is made available to the public. This includes lack of proper employment and challenges accessing suitable housing.... This paper stresses that proponents of the public sex offender registry argue that making sex offender information public reduces the rates of sexual offenses by repeat offenders and enable parents to protect their children. However, public notification of sex offenders does not only affect the offenders, but their families as well. This is because despite the fact that states have the discretion to decide on the criteria for disclosing sex offender information, majority of the states implements them to the extreme. Sex offenders get imprisonment sentences and remain incarcerated for a significant amount of time, but their families get to suffer more humiliation, especially when details get disclosed to the entire public, such as being made available on the internet. The author talks that supporters of the preservation of the public sex offender registry and relevant acts argue that the registration is important in protecting them and their children. They however forget the tax burde n imposed on tax payers, who have to pay the salaries and fund all operations of the staff working in these units. The implementation of additional laws and regulations is also funded by taxpayers. This report makes a conclusion that there are better ways of handling sex offenders, rather than subjecting them and their families to excessive punishment, humiliation and harm, and violating their rights. The main aim of the justice system is reforming offenders and giving them a chance to live normal lives. The use of the public sex offender registry fails to do this.

Translation Studies Lecture Essay Example for Free

Translation Studies Lecture Essay Introduction: Translation and Translation Studies Translation and Translation Studies (Definition and a brief history of the discipline) Hermes the god of thieves and liars is also the god of translation. But he has so many other tasks as the god of roads, commerce, travel (these can be connected to translation) as well as arts, magic and crafts not talking about matrimonial matchmaking†¦ A translator has, at least, as many tasks and roles when translating that I hope to show you this term. As a translator, Hermes is a messenger from the gods to humans. As an interpreter who bridges the boundaries with strangers he is a hermeneus. So the word â€Å"hermeneutics† for the art of interpreting hidden meaning can also be traced back to his name. (By the way in Greek a lucky find was also a hermaion. ) What is translation? 1/ oral form is called interpreting or interpretation 2/ written form is called translation that has roughly 2 main categories from our point of view: (a) specialized translation (b) literary translation (Task: Look up the word in different dictionaries and see how different explanations work) e. g translation (an on-line dictionary; mind the phrase underlined: do you agree? ) – a written communication in a second language having the same meaning as the written communication in a first language – a uniform movement without rotation (see the meaning of Hungarian word ‘forditas’); [cf. ‘What’s in a Word? ’ my lecture of April 08, 2007 now an article in Faces of English soon in print] – the act of changing in form or shape or appearance; a photograph is a translation of a scene onto a two-dimensional surface etc. The most common explanation: translation is the expression in one language (target language TL) what has been expressed in the source language (SL) Meaning: †¢ the notion of movement btw. languages †¢ †¦of some kind of content and context †¢ †¦of obligation to find â€Å"equivalents† (expression commonly used in the 1960s and ‘70s; linguistic schools) which â€Å"preserve† features of the original Is total equivalence possible? There is no absolute synonymy btw. words in the same language; even less btw. different languages (one of the causes some say it is impossible to translate). – sg. ‘lost’ or ‘gained’ in the process – translators ‘betraying’ the author’s intentions (cf: Hermes; Italian proverb: traduttore traditore). ’translator is a traitor’ ‘a fordito ferdito’ (Kosztolanyi ABECE a forditasrol†¦. Gondolat, 1957) The term Translation has several meanings: Translation – the general subject field, the abstract concept encompassing the other two Translating – the process, the activity (our main interests during the term) A Translation – the product, the translated text, the target language text A theory of translation must explain both the process and the product. Previously it was rather the product theorists tried to analyse, later interest turned towards the process, and translation today is as much about the translation of cultural, political, and historical contexts and concepts as it is about language. (cf. The cultural turn of the 1990s! the emergence of a new discipline called Cultural Studies that uses translation moreover literary translation as its main field of comparative analysis; all these have generated the emergence of an independent discipline called Translation Studies. ) Cf. [translation turn in Cultural Studies; translating cultures is not â€Å"cultural translation†; see Rushdie= a translated man] (LITERARY) TRANSLATION v v Linguistics (applied linguistics) Literature (comparative literature) Both fields dealt with it marginally and created their own translation theories, explanations (by researchers in linguistics and in literature but not translators! ) First linguists: looking for basic similarities in languages – computers, machine translation They try to understand the mental process of translation: what happens in the ‘black box’ the mind of the translator. (Input and output) 1)Psychological studies: cognitive science (a) perception (b) information processing (encoding and decoding of messages) ( c )memory 2)Language (concerned with psychological a social aspects) (a)psycholinguistics – the process in the mind of the translator focus on decoding and encoding (b)sociolinguistics – place SLT and TLT in their cultural contexts focus on the participants (nature of the message; how codes are used etc) (results made possible to create computer programmes that work in the case of simple systems such as METEO: weather forecast uses a relatively small vocabulary cf. Lecture 3. ) All translation is communication (and all communication is translation) The basic scheme (monolingual): 1/ receive signals containing messages in a communicative system 2/ deconstruct. 3/ reconstruct (vertical transfer e. g. historical epochs; horizontal transfer: e. g. social classes)–(cf. readers’ interpretation of a text) The basic scheme ( BILINGUAL ) The translator is a communicator, â€Å"a mediating agent† btw. 2 different languages – 2 different monolingual language communities; decodes message transmitted in one lang. and re-encodes it in another. The main diff. lies in the encoding, re-encoding process: †¢ the message must be re-encoded into a different language †¢ the same message as received †¢ aimed at a group of receivers who are not the same as the original sender  Faced by a text we have to work out 1) the semantic sense of words, sentences †¦ 2) its communicative value 3) its place in time and space 4) information about the participants involved both in its production and reception There are 6 questions to consider: 1 WHAT? – message contained in the text 2 WHY? – intention of the sender (purpose of the text issued; underlying structure : informing; persuading, flattering etc. but text usually possess more than a single function – multiple function – task of the receiver to find primary intention, function 3 WHEN? – time of communication realized in the text (e. g.historical context; past, present, future†¦) 4 HOW? – a) manner of delivery (serious, ironic); tenor of discourse b) medium of communication (channels: verbal, writing†¦); mode of discourse 5 WHERE? – place of communication (physical location realized in text) 6 WHO? Participants involved in communication (sender –source language, receiver –target language (reveal characteristics of speaker/writer as individual) Lets see the a model of communication in the case of translation proper: 1 translator receives signal 1 containing message 2 recognizes code 1 3 decodes signal 1 source language 4 retrieves message  5 comprehends message - 6 translator selects code 2 target language 7 encodes message by means of code 2 8 selects channel 9 transmits signal 2 containing message (Bell: 19). As a result: there are 2 codes, 2 signals 2 texts –2 sets of content (more than 1 message) as there is no 100% equivalence – 2 kinds of explanation Translation process: transformation of SL text into TL text by means of processes, which take place within memory 1) analysis of SL text (language specific) into a non-lang. specific, universal semantic representation (cf.  metatext) 2) synthesis of it into another lang. specific (TL) text Theory won’t solve translators’ problems but helps when looking for solutions in particular cases. (more conscious ). What is the unit of translation? Word, phrase, sentence, paragraph –but one has to have the whole text (with its special qualities) in mind when trying to find solutions! What is translation studies? A new academic discipline that is a) multilingual, b) interdisciplinary James Holmes defined it as â€Å"the complex of problems clustered round the phenomenon of translating and translation. It is really the discipline of the 1990’s: 1)a number of specialized translating and interpreting courses (in the UK. at least 20 postgraduate courses in 2000) and even more BA course at departments of translation in a number of European and non-European countries. / A smaller number of schools specialized in literary translation (but nearly everywhere in Europe! ) 2) conferences and workshops (organized by universities and international societies e. g. EST) 3) journals Babel (NL), Meta (Ca), Target (Israel/Belgium)†¦ 4) Publisher specialized on TS: Multilingual Matters, John Benjamins, Rodopi, Routledge, St. Jerome.

Abraham Lincoln and Slavery Essay example -- Slavery Essays

Abraham Lincoln and Slavery Many Americans believe that Abraham Lincoln was the â€Å"Great Emancipator,† the sole individual who ended slavery, and the man who epitomizes freedom. In his brief presidential term, Lincoln dealt with an unstable nation, with the South seceding from the country and in brink of leaving permanently. The differing ideologies between the North and South about the economy and slavery quickly lead to civil war. It was now the duty of Lincoln to maintain the unity of the nation. Therefore, Lincoln is not the â€Å"Great Emancipator† because his primary goals throughout his presidency was always to maintain the unity of the nation and not achieve the emancipation of slaves. First of all, by looking at Lincoln’s road to the white house, one can see that Abraham Lincoln was a man undecided on the issue of slavery. He wisely used the issue of slavery to appeal to both the abolitionists and to Negrophobes, Northerners who were afraid of living side-by- side with Negroes and competing with them for jobs. For example, on July 10th of 1959, Lincoln gave a speech in Chicago, a primarily abolitionist town. Lincoln stated that inequality was unnecessary in this country. If all men were created equal then were should look past race, saying, â€Å"Let us discard all these things, and unite as one people throughout this land, until we shall once more stand up declaring that all men are created equal† (Hofstadter, pg. 148). On the other hand, Lincoln gave a speech in Charleston, on September 18, 1858, a primarily pro-slavery town and gave a totally contrary opinion. Lincoln stated that he is not, or has ever been, in favor of freeing slaves and giving them social equality. Lincoln stated... ... he gave conflicting beliefs about slavery to attain the necessary votes to elect him to office. Then, once the Civil War began, he was merely trying to preserve what was left of an unstable union. The true â€Å"Emancipators† of slavery lie in the grass roots people of that time, the abolitionists, Frederick Douglas, and the slaves themselves. The slaves earned their freedom. Lincoln was merely a man who let the events of his era determine his policy. â€Å"I claim not to have controlled events but confess plainly that events controlled me.† Bibliography: ï » ¿ Bibliography 1. John Majewski, History of the American Peoples: 1840-1920 (Dubuque: Kent/Hunt Publishing, 2001). 2. Richard Hofstadter, The American Political Tradition and the Men Who Made It (New York: Random House Publishing, 1973).

Folklore in Star Wars, Planet of the Apes, and Alice in Wonderland :: Movies Film TV Television Essays

Folklore in Star Wars, Planet of the Apes, and Alice in Wonderland Folklore in the movies usually focuses around a hero or heroine, that hero or heroine is in a situation that they have to overcome. The hero or heroine can come in many different forms; it could be a teenage boy a long time ago, in a galaxy far far away, or an over the hill astronaught lost in space, or a little girl who falls down a hole. I am going to show how three movies contain folklore, Star Wars IV: A New Hope, Planet of the Apes one, and Alice in Wonderland. But first I need to define what folklore in the movies is. Folklore in the movies has five main points which the hero or heroine goes through. The call to adventure: something has to happen to the hero or heroine in order to get them involved in some situation which concerns them greatly. Refusal of the call: the hero or heroine has to disobey something or someone. Supernatural aid: the hero or heroine gets help from an outside force, someone wiser than the hero or heroine, and someone who understands the situation better. The crossing of the first threshold: once involved with the situation before them, the hero or heroine has a conflict which causes them to get caught in the belly of the whale. The belly of the whale: the hero or heroine gets caught in some place, of which they try to escape. Star Wars is one of the best movies to use as an example for folklore in the movies. The call to adventure: fate would have it that R2D2 would land into the hands of Luke Skywalker. The only thing keeping Luke from joining the Rebel Alliance is his uncle Owen Lars, aunt Beru Lars, and the harvest; but when the empire comes looking for R2 they come to Luke's house and kill his aunt and uncle. Refusal of the call: at first Luke says no to Ben (Obi-Wan) Kenobi. Han Solo doesn't want to help the Rebel Alliance at first, but at the end he does and saves Luke's life. Supernatural aid: Obi Wan is the old man in Star Wars who understands the force and who teaches Luke the ways of the force. The crossing of the first threshold: when Alderaan gets blown up, the Millennium Falcon gets caught in the Death Star's tractor beam, leaving them stuck inside the largest, most deadly battle-station ever created.

Evidence of Neocolonialism in African Trade Relations Essay

Athow Brian and Robert G. Blanton present their study of African trade relations before and after European colonialism in â€Å"Colonial Style and Colonial Legacies: Trade Patterns in British and French Africa. † This study is quite important as it is an effort to scientifically assess the colonial trade legacy in a comparative manner. In fact, it is the only research of its kind analyzing trade relations of previously colonized states of Africa between 1938 and 1985. The authors’ goal is to discover whether neocolonialism continues to exist in the previously colonized African states with respect to trade relations. In other words, do the previously colonized African states continue to depend on the colonialists for trade? The underdevelopment of Africa is attributable to many factors, including the fact that it takes economically powerful governments with a strong sense of their goals to empower their people and develop nations. It is a well-known fact that the European colonialists had their own interests at heart. Their mercenary objectives could not accommodate the goal of developing Africa. African states that came to be ruled by Europeans were forced to produce agricultural goods as well as raw materials to meet European demands alone. The â€Å"traditional agricultural economies† of the colonized states of Africa were forced by French and British colonialists to start specializing in cash crops that were solely meant for export. Although the French and British colonialists came to hold significant political power over the African people, the local needs of the latter were utterly disregarded. No wonder, although Africa continues to appear lush green to the human eye, its people suffer from severe hunger. After all, their needs have been disregarded even after independence was attained from the European colonialists. As a matter of fact, the authors of â€Å"Colonial Style and Colonial Legacies† found that the African states that were previously colonized by the French continue to have France as their chief trading partner. Similarly, African states that were previously colonized by the British continue to trade with the British in addition to other states that had been colonized by the British. What is more, the trading style of the colonialists continues to be used by the African states that were colonized by the French and the British. French colonies of Africa were under a centralized rule. For this reason, they continue to consider France as their chief trading partner. British rule was decentralized to a large extent. Moreover, the British had already established trade relations between the African colonized states and other nations across the world that had been colonized by the British. These trading patterns continue to this day, which is the reason why the authors of â€Å"Colonial Style and Colonial Legacies† refer to neocolonialism in African trade relations. According to the authors, old habits die hard. Africa continues to suffer from severe poverty because its resources do not support the Africans. Rather, previously colonized African states continue to produce for the French and the British peoples. Africans are dependent on the moneys they receive for the goods they export to France and Britain, in addition to previously colonized British states in other parts of the world. Seeing that Africa appears to be on the losing side of this deal, the article, â€Å"Colonial Style and Colonial Legacies† calls for massive structural changes in the political and trade patterns applied in Africa today. It would take African governments to develop a strong sense of their goals to achieve economic independence for the Africans – this time having the interests of their own people at heart. Bibliography Brian, Athow, and Robert G. Blanton. â€Å"Colonial Style and Colonial Legacies: Trade Patterns in British and French Africa. † Journal of Third World Studies (Fall 2002). Available from http://findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_qa3821/is_200210/ai_n9134671. Internet; accessed 27 November 2008.

Classroom Management Critique Essays

Classroom Management Critique Essays Classroom Management Critique Essay Classroom Management Critique Essay Running head: Research Analysis and Article Critique Research Analysis and Article Critique Kellee Holland EDD/711 Student discipline and classroom management are among the highest concerns of teachers, administrators, and community members. Classroom management defeat is one of the most common reasons that teachers change professions. The School wide Positive Behavioral Support program is an approach that schools are implementing to prevent behavioral problems. About 7,500 schools across 40 states are now implementing variations of school wide PBS (Sugai, G. 008). The school wide Positive Behavioral Supports approach is a three tiered program implemented by schools to improve or prevent behavioral challenges. In the first tier, students are taught a social skills curriculum that is positive, formal, and in support of the academic school mission. This strategy is implemented in every aspect of the school community including areas outside of the classroom. Only about twenty to thirty percent of students will need a more intensified approach if the school does an excellent job with school wide social skills. These students typically have trouble socially, break rules, and have difficulty following directions. The second tier is a more intense approach and is usually used in a small group setting. The session includes social skill instruction, counseling, and conflict management. At the tier three level students receive individualized counseling. Prompting, positive reinforcement, and counseling are among the strategies used to improve behavior. Students move throughout the tiers based on their individual needs. The distinguishing factors of the tiers include size of grouping, frequency of interaction, and adult supervision. When it comes to discipline, schools should model positive behavior and spend less time reacting to negative behavior. For students who are academically and socially successful, the code of conduct provides boundaries for rule breaking behaviors. Tier two and tier three would be used for those students who are noncompliant and have trouble cooperating with adults. Positive Behavioral Support is implemented in schools by first establishing a leadership team. The school creates a mission statement by teaching students positive social skills, respect, responsibility and safety. Students will receive positive feedback for emulating positive behavior. Consequences are established in the form of a discipline handbook or code of conduct. Schools monitor the effect of this approach by keeping records of office referrals. A survey is given to the staff and students to determine how the school climate is perceived from various viewpoints. I have found this information to be very helpful. Many times as an educator, I have students who are defiant or insist on breaking school and classroom rules. Through productive research, I have found that these students need a modified approach. Intervention is often used for students who are struggling academically. After reading this article, I can begin implementing strategies and modeling specific behaviors that can ensure an increase in positive behavior in the classroom. Reference Sugai, George. Beyond the Discipline Handbook: How Schools Can Implement a Positive Approach to Managing Student Behavior | | . (2009). Education Digest: Essential Readings Quick Review, v75 n3 p37-41 Nov 2009 , 75(3), 37-41.

Unethical Ads Due to the Introduction of Reference Ads

Unethical Ads Due to the Introduction of Reference Ads Free Online Research Papers Introduction One of the most important contributors to the success of consumer products is advertisements and the perception that these ads create in people’s minds. People are exposed more to television ads and hence are more influenced by them. This influence is known and hence well taken advantage of by advertisers. They tend to drum a message into the consumer’s mind to manipulate their acceptance of the product. Study says that if a message is drummed into us enough, whether consciously or unconsciously, it is likely to have an effect (J.E.Gratz The Ethics of Sublimal Communication). Does this indicate that consumers remember every ad they see, or atleast the ones that have had an impact? Study also suggests that people tend to take ads personally and subconsciously rate them as good or bad on the basis of many parameters. Infact the public’s views towards advertisements are copiously negative (e.g., Bauer and Greyser 1968, Mittal 1994). Negative information is also more diagnostic than positive information, meaning the consumers put greater weight on it in their brand judgments (Ahluwalia, Burnkrant, and Unnava, 2001). This therefore says that consumers tend to remember the effect of a negative ad. On the other hand studies suggest that consumers have less retention power when it comes to advertisements. When there is time difference between two ads and the time interval in laced with other learning (other ads) then the consumer’s recollection of the first ad is inhibited (e.g., Raymond R Burke and Thomas Skrull Competitive Interference and Consumer Memory for advertising; Melton and Irwin, 1940). Is it therefore possible that the perception of an ad changes when the ad is compared with another ad, especially a ‘negative’ one? Does the introduction of a reference ad change the perception about an ad that was erstwhile perceived to be negative, into a lesser negative one, or, maybe even, positive? A reference ad can be defined as any ad in relation to which other ads are seen. (Contextual effects of reference pricing in retail advertising- Abhjit Biswas and Edward A Blair). This research has been conducted to understand the change in the perception of unethical ads because of an introduction of a reference point. A simple way of checking this is to note the initial perception of an unethical ad and then take a second rating of the same when shown against another unethical ad (determined by the ratings of the control group) and compare the two to see if there is any change. This will show very clearly that the perception about an ad changes when the reference point has been introduced. What also needs to be checked is if there is any other factor contributing to this change in perception. Factors such as gender, (Females perceptions of offensive advertising: The importance of Values, expectations and control – Timothy P Christy) etc. may influence the perception of an ad but not the change in perception. This has been taken into account by having equal representation in the sample at every level. If our hypothesis is proven right, then this study will enable ad-makers to understand how to position their ad along with those of their competitors’ or other products’, such that the perception of consumers towards their ad is more tolerant when compared with the competitor’s ad especially when the decision is based on towing the fine line between humour and vulgarity. Methodology The research started out with the selection of five unethical advertisements. They have been determined to be unethical based on a previous study conducted by Dwane Hal Dean in ‘After the Unethical Ad – A comparison of Advertiser Response Strategies’ ‘†¦There is a large body of literature on advertising ethics. Among other topics, papers have addressed the ethicality of political attack ads, the use of sexual appeals in print advertising, the use of fear appeals in advertising, lottery advertising, the use of questionable environmental claims to sell products, the use of reference prices in advertising, the uses of cookies and spamming in electronic media, advertising that targets children, advertising that stereotypes minorities and alcohol advertising that specifically targets low income minority populations.’ Hence we selected five advertisements depicting sexually explicit scenes, brand wars, over-hyping of the product, The ads also were: 1. Well known brands available in India too 2. Ads with unethical connotations; unethical per the standards defined in the research paper cited earlier 3. Brands that are relevant to our sample – youth 4. Brands that are leaders in their respective segments The sample size has been determined as follows: D =  ± 0.5, ï  ³ = 3.5, z = 1.96 (Confidence interval of 95%; Precision and reliability (acceptable confidence level) required: D =  ± 0.5) n = 190(approx) Determination of ï  ³ Estimating Variances for Rating Scales used in marketing research Source: â€Å"Sample Size Tables for Significance Tests,† Research on Research 45 (Chicago: Market Facts Inc. , undated) Number of Scale Points Typical Range of Variances 3 .67 4 1.0 5 1.8 6 2.5 7 3.5 8 4.0 9 5.0 10 6.0 The sample includes MBA students in the age group of 21 – 24 yrs Research Design This research involves testing the difference in scores when a respondent is shown the ad individually and in comparison with another. Hence we would need two groups, one experimental and one control. The research design being used is Posttest-Only Control Group Design EG: R X O1 CG: R X O2 The treatment effect is thus obtained by: TE = O1 – O2 Pretest The pretest was conducted on a sample of 50 students. Five groups of ten students were shown five ads determined unethical as per the research stated earlier. Ratings were on a semantic differential scale of 1 – 7 with 1 being Unethical and 7 being Ethical. In our differential scale, throughout the study, we have used 1 as Unethical and 7 as Ethical as this would eliminate the interviewer’s intention of wanting the scores to tend towards Unethical (if it is placed on the right side as against the general tendency to have a negative on the left side and a positive on the right). On the basis of this data the following scores were obtained: Advertisements Ratings (sum of ratings of each group) Fair and Lovely Pepsi Microsoft Levis Pepsi It is evident from this that Fair Lovely, Pepsi and Microsoft were voted as the three most unethical ads. Further study was done on the basis of these three ads. Control Group Three control groups with 20 students each were randomly selected and shown the three ads separately and asked to rate them on the semantic differential scale mentioned earlier. They were shown the ad in a closed room, with no other intervention. The ads were shown once and the respondents were asked to rate it. The mean score of the ratings given by each control group is as below: Control Group Advertisement Mean score 1. Microsoft 3.5 2. Pepsi 3.45 3. Fair Lovely 3.65 Experimental Group The experiment group consisted of 20 students each and six such experiments were conducted. Students shown two ads and their ratings for the same were noted on a single data sheet on the differential scale mentioned earlier. There was no break between the ads and the respondents did not rate each ad separately. They were specifically instructed to rate both the ads together after seeing both the ads. No other instructions were given to them. Here the first ad shown becomes the reference point for the second ad. The intent is to compare the scores of the second ad thus tested with the scores received for the same by its control group. The mean score of the new ratings thus developed is as below: Reference ad Second ad in the control group Microsoft Pepsi Fair Lovely Microsoft 4.35* 4.15 Pepsi 3.45 4 Fair Lovely 3.95 3.6 * Interpretation of score: The Microsoft ad got a mean score of 4.35 when it was shown after the Pepsi ad. The Pepsi ad is the reference point for the Microsoft ad. Analysis Our hypothesis is as follows: H0:  µ1 =  µ2 The means of both the samples (control group and experimental group) are the same. There has been no impact of the reference ad HA:  µ1 ≠   µ2 The means of both the samples are not equal. The reference ad has had an impact A simple comparison of means show the following information: Microsoft Ad: Case Processing Summary Cases Included Excluded Total N Percent N Percent N Percent cg_exp_microsoft * seen_notseen_refad_microsoft_group 60 100.0% 0 .0% 60 100.0% Report cg_exp_microsoft seen_notseen_refad_microsoft_group Mean N Std. Deviation not seen 3.50 20 1.469 seen pepsi 4.35 20 1.899 seen fair 4.35 20 1.496 Total 4.07 60 1.656 Pepsi Ad: Case Processing Summary Cases Included Excluded Total N Percent N Percent N Percent cg_exp_pepsi * seen_notseen_refad_pepsi_group 60 100.0% 0 .0% 60 100.0% Report cg_exp_pepsi seen_notseen_refad_pepsi_group Mean N Std. Deviation not seen 3.45 20 2.012 seen micro 3.45 20 1.849 seen fair 3.60 20 1.957 Total 3.50 60 1.909 Fair Lovely Ad: Case Processing Summary Cases Included Excluded Total N Percent N Percent N Percent cg_exp_fair * seen_notseen_refad_fair_group 60 100.0% 0 .0% 60 100.0% Report cg_exp_fair seen_notseen_refad_fair_group Mean N Std. Deviation not seen 3.65 20 1.981 seen pepsi 3.60 20 1.392 seen micro 3.95 20 1.731 Total 3.73 60 1.696 There is an apparent difference in the means of the scores of the control groups and the experimental groups. This could mean that the ethical perception of the ads in the minds of the consumers. However this does not prove that the change in perception has been due to the introduction of another unethical ad. There is no explanation of the relation with the reference ad. To understand this further we did an ANOVA. On conducting an ANOVA test these were the results obtained: Microsoft Ad: ANOVA cg_exp_microsoft Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups 9.633 2 4.817 1.805 .174 Within Groups 152.100 57 2.668 Total 161.733 59 Pepsi Ad: ANOVA cg_exp_pepsi Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups .300 2 .150 .040 .961 Within Groups 214.700 57 3.767 Total 215.000 59 Fair Lovely Ad: ANOVA cg_exp_fair Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups 1.433 2 .717 .243 .785 Within Groups 168.300 57 2.953 Total 169.733 59 Our significance level p is .05 and here in all the three cases, the significance is greater than p. Hence we will not reject H0 Therefore the conclusion is that there has been no impact of the reference ad on the perception of another ad. Conclusion Our study has proved that there is no relation between the perceptions of two ads on the consumer’s mind. The ethical perception of one ad does not alter the ethical perception of another ad which would have erstwhile been thought to be equally or more unethical. Our study said that Negative information is also more diagnostic than positive information, meaning the consumers put greater weight on it in their brand judgments (Ahluwalia, Burnkrant, and Unnava, 2001). Here it is apparent that an unethical ad is rated as negative by the consumer. They may even remember the ad, but the depiction of a more unethical ad does not make the former ad positive. The negative impact or perception of an ad remains. We attribute this lack of change in ethical perception of an ad even with the change in reference point to the fact that an unethical ad, no matter how slight or grave it is, is not compared to another one. Once the consumer/viewer mentally rates the ad as unethical, nothing can change his perception of the same. Hence it would be wiser for an ad-maker to refrain from offending the sentiments of his viewers, in the pretext of being humourous or different. This survey was conducted on the youth, who are generally perceived to be more tolerant or accepting towards ethical/unethical issues in ads. If their perception of an unethical ad remains unchanged by another ad then it strongly points out the fact that ethics or values that people hold dear cannot be manipulated by ad-makers or marketers. References J.E.Gratz The Ethics of Sublimal Communication Bauer and Greyser 1968, Mittal 1994 Ahluwalia, Burnkrant, and Unnava, 2001 Raymond R Burke and Thomas Skrull Competitive Interference and Consumer Memory for advertising Melton and Irwin, 1940 Contextual effects of reference pricing in retail advertising- Abhjit Biswas and Edward A Blair Ethics In Advertising Ideological Correlates Of Consumer Perceptions – Debbie Treise, Michael F Weigold, Jenneane Conna and Heather Garrison The Influence of Positive Moods on Brand extension Evaluations – Michael Barone, Paul W Miniard, Jean B Romeo An Examination of Consumer’s Perceptions of Purpose and Content of Corrective Advertising – George E Belch, Michael E Belch, Robert B. Settle and Lisa M D Lucchi Being ‘Effective’ in Branding?  ¬Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Adrian Zambardino, Ogilvy Advertising, UK and John Goodfellow, London Metropolitan University, UK Consumer Perceptions of Promotional Activity – Aradhna Krishna, Imran S Currim and Robert W Shoemaker The Influence and Context of College students’ Perceptions of Advertising Offensiveness – Timothy P Christy, University of Oregon, Eugene OR Eric Haley, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN Research Papers on Unethical Ads Due to the Introduction of Reference AdsResearch Process Part OneMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andAnalysis Of A Cosmetics AdvertisementMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenPETSTEL analysis of IndiaAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into Asia

Customizing the Spellchecker in Microsoft Word

Customizing the Spellchecker in Microsoft Word Customizing the Spellchecker in Microsoft Word The spellchecker in Microsoft Word is a useful tool (even if it can’t replace proofreading). However, to make the most of this tool, you may need to check its settings. And in this post, to help out, we’re looking at three ways of customizing the spellchecker in Microsoft Word: Setting the proofing language Adding and ignoring specific terms via the contextual menus Editing and creating custom dictionaries Read on to make sure that you can use the spellchecker to maximum effect. 1. Setting the Proofing Language The simplest way to customize the spellchecker in MS Word is to change the proofing language. If you are writing for a U.S. audience, for example, you will want to use American English. This will make sure the spellchecker looks for U.S. spellings (e.g., color instead of the U.K. English colour). To check the proofing language in Microsoft Word, all you need to do is: Select the text you want to spellcheck (use Ctrl + A to select all text) Look for the current language on the status bar The status bar in MS Word, including the proofing language. And if you need to change the language setting: Select the text you want to spellcheck Go to Review Language Proofing Language on the main ribbon (or Tools Language in Word for Mac) In the new window that opens, select the language required and click OK Selecting the proofing language. This will change the proofing language used for the selected text. 2. Adding and Ignoring Terms As well as changing the proofing language, you can add individual terms to the spellchecker dictionary. This is useful when Microsoft Word does not recognize a proper noun or a technical term, as the spellchecker will underline it in red even if it is spelled correctly. For instance, if we were writing about the philosopher Paul Ricoeur, we may need to use his surname a lot. And while Microsoft Word does recognize some famous or common names, it marks â€Å"Ricoeur† as an error. So if we want to use the spellchecker, we will need to fix this. To do so, we can right click the underlined term and select Add to Dictionary. It will then be added to the dictionary for all documents. Adding a term to the custom dictionary. If you don’t want to make a permanent change, you can tell the spellchecker to ignore words. For instance, you can click Ignore while running a spellcheck to overlook a single term. But you can also click Ignore All to stop the spellchecker from highlighting the term anywhere in the document. 3. Customizing the Spellchecker Finally, for complete control over the spellchecker, you can edit your dictionary. This â€Å"custom dictionary† includes any terms that you have selected via the Add to Dictionary option mentioned above. But you can also add and remove terms from the dictionary by: Going to File Options Proofing (or Preferences Spelling Grammar in Word for Mac if you are not using a Windows computer) Clicking Custom Dictionaries Selecting your custom dictionary (usually named CUSTOM.DIC) Clicking Edit Word List Adding or removing terms as required and clicking OK to confirm Editing the custom dictionary. You can also import and create custom dictionaries for particular documents by clicking New or Add in this menu. This can be useful when working to a specific style guide, allowing you to quickly import saved spellings.

Interpretation and Significance of Lao Tzu's Sayings Essay

Interpretation and Significance of Lao Tzu's Sayings - Essay Example Taoists have developed their principles through the processes of self- realization and self-invention based on a variety of philosophical and environmental contexts. Like other organized religion, Daoism has its own doctrines or scriptures for its followers. In their collaborate effort Yijie Tang, and TÊ »ang I-chieh have rightly put it: â€Å"The early form of Daoism (Taoism) held that its body of belief was made up of the tenet of â€Å"the ascent of the three in one â€Å"that is,† the unity of heaven, earth, and man for the attainment of the Great Peace; the blending of the essence, breath and shen to become a saint.† (Yijie Tang, and TÊ »ang I-chieh, 1991, 76 pp.). Daoism (Taoism) is familiar to the world through the famous books Chuang-Tzu and Tao Te Ching. Daoist sayings are more comprehensive, filled with metaphysical principles and these principles emphasis a formation of ‘oneness’ that follow the complex form of diverse world. The book had wide ly accepted as the great sayings of Lao Tzu. It has considered as the unique ideology in Chinese history. Lao Tzu explores his ideas through the help of rhyme and rhythm, paradox, analogy, and proportion. In his masterpiece Lao-Tzu remarks, every people have his/her own freewill and desires. The Chinese word Tao/ Dao means the way to the universe. When analyzing these sayings, one can understand that it is difficult to define these sayings appropriately. In the first part of this work, the author tries to give the foundation about the ideology Tao Te Ching. When analyzing the plight of modern man one can easily find that the sayings of Lao-Tzu have enough relevance. The temporariness of material things and pleasures have well expressed in the sayings of Lao Tzu. The followers of Lao-Tzu purport that the ultimate aim of life is to gain the ‘Great Peace’. One cannot attribute it a clear form or structure that it may appear in any name or material existence.

Prison system in America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Prison system in America - Essay Example Arguments against imprisonment include the idea that prison is not being used as a last resort to deter criminal behavior, housing prisoners is expensive, imprisonment doesn’t deter crime and it is cruel and inhumane. Despite statistics that confirm these contentions, imprisonment has experienced a growing attraction as a political response to crime. An increased prison population and its inherent human and financial costs have little effect on the attitudes of some. Despite the obvious and extensive failures of our penitentiary system, more people are being sent to prison for more reasons primarily as a result of tougher sentencing laws specifically involving the ‘war on drugs.’ Over the past quarter century, the U.S. has added to its prison population and therefore to its social problems. Anyone who has seen a prison movie likely has witnessed the stereotypical ‘shower scene’ where gang members viciously attack a lone inmate. They put a knife tightl y against the victim’s throat and threaten to kill him if he puts up a fight. The lone inmate is then repeatedly raped by the gang and afterwards is too frightened to notify prison officials fearing retribution. This Hollywood recreation is not unlike the actual events taking place inside prison walls. Being brutally raped in prison is not simply a physical violation; it is an emotionally scarring event. According to the Human Rights Watch, this and other forms of gang-related violence occur regularly in prisons across the country. â€Å"Gang assaults are not uncommon, and victims may be left beaten, bloody and, in the most extreme cases, dead† (â€Å"No Escape†). However, violent and blatant rapes are but one type of sexual abuse many prisoners must endure. The most prevalent form of rape does not occur by means of violence nor have many of the victims been overtly threatened. Nevertheless, they engage in sex acts unwillingly because they do not believe they ha ve a choice. Prison is an intimidating place. Prisoners, especially those new to the system can be easily coerced into doing things such as allowing themselves to be raped or committing violent acts against others out of fear. This type of prison rape is easier to conceal than violent attacks and much easier for prison staff and the general public to ignore. â€Å"For some prisoners, the atmosphere of fear and intimidation is so overwhelming that they acquiesce in their sexual exploitation without putting up any obvious resistance† (â€Å"No Escape,† 2006). The intimidation begins early and forcefully. According to the account of a first-time offender arriving in prison, â€Å"as soon as I walked on the wing, the catcalls started.† According to another prisoner, â€Å"Most of prison is a mind game. People get taken advantage of when they’re green and don’t know what to expect† (â€Å"No Escape,† 2006). Prison is described by its detra ctors as inhumane, a brutalizing and damaging experience. The prevalent imprisonment trend invokes a high human cost to those who caused no harm to another individual or property. The war on drugs is policy based on morals, not on public health, and is taking a grave toll on the economics and civil liberties of our society. Crime is on the rise overcrowding the prison system while inner cities are becoming unlivable decreasing chances for the economic revival in those areas, all as a consequence of a misguided war on drugs to prevent the misuse of drugs. These governmental drug programs have had very little if any reduction in the use of drugs but a great many innocent victims have had their lives ruined. â€Å"